የስልጣን ቁጥጥር: ዴሞክራሲያዊና ህገ-መንግስታዊ መሰረቱ

የስልጣን ቁጥጥር: ዴሞክራሲያዊና ህገ-መንግስታዊ መሰረቱ

Democratic theory demands that all public servants, elected or nonelected, be accountable to the people. Obviously, this requires the creation of certain oversight mechanisms so that administrative behavior can be watched and controlled.^aከሁሉም ስልጣንን የመቆጣጠር ኃላፊነትና ግዴታ ከተጣለባቸው ተቋማት መካከል የህዝብ ተወካዮች ስራ አስፈፃሚውንና በስሩ ያሉትን አስፈፃሚ አካላት በቅርበት የመከታተልና የመቆጣጠር አይነተኛ አደራና ኃላፊነት ተጥሎባቸዋል፡፡ ድምዳሜው ከውክልና ዲሞክራሲ (representative democracy) መርህ ይመነጫል፡፡ ይህ መርህ ከተጠያቂነት ጋር ያለውን ትስስር አሜሪካዊው የፖለቲካ ሳይንስ እና የአስተዳደር ህግ ምሁር ተንታኝ እንደሚከተለው ይገልፀዋል፡፡The ideal of representative democracy is that important decisions are taken by our elected representatives. In practice, this is not possible. Parliamentary bodies are too large and fractious to be effective decision making organs. The role of such bodies is, therefore, often confined to scrutinising and passing legislative proposals initiated by a smaller executive committee of their members; and to calling members of that executive committee to account for their actions.^bየሚኒስትሮች ም/ቤት ሆነ እያንዳንዱ የአስተዳደር መ/ቤት በህዝብ ተወካዮች ም/ቤት የወጣን ህግና ፖሊሲ ለማስፈፀም በውክልና በሚሰጣቸው የስልጣን ገደብ ውስጥ ደንብና መመሪያ ማውጣት እንደሚጠበቅባቸው እሙን ነው፡፡ እነዚህ አካላት ይህን የህግ አውጭነት ስልጣን የሚያገኙት በቀጥታ ህገ-መንግስቱ ሳይሆን በውክልና ከተወካዮች ም/ቤት ብቻ ነው፡፡ የውሳኔ ሰጪነት (አስተዳደራዊ ዳኝነት) ስልጣን እንዲሁ በቀጥታ ከምክር ቤቱ ይመነጫል፡፡የህዝብ ተወካዮች ም/ቤት የህግ አውጪነት ስልጣናቸውን በከፊል ቆርሰው ሲያስተላልፉ ሆነ ለውሳኔ ሰጪው ዳኝነታዊ ስልጣን ሲሰጡ ስልጣን የተቀበለው አካል ከስልጣኑ ገደብ አለማለፉና ህጋዊ ስልጣኑንም ፍትሀዊ በሆነ መንገድ በአግባቡ የተገለገለበት ስለመሆኑ ማረጋገጥ ይጠበቅበታል፡፡ ስልጣን ተቀባይን ከስልጣን ሰጪው በበለጠ የመቆጣጠር ኃላፊነት ያለበት አካል የለም፡፡በውክልና ዲሞክራሲ ህገ-መንግስታዊ ስርዓት ውስጥ የህዝብ ተወካዮች አይነተኛ ሚና በተለምዶ እንደሚታወቀው ህግ ማውጣት ሳይሆን ስራ አስፈፃሚውን በመቆጣጠር የመንግስትን ተጠያቂነት በተግባር ማረጋገጥ እንደሆነ ግንዛቤ ሊወሰድበት ይገባል፡፡ በካቢኔ መንግስታዊ ስርዓት (Cabinet Government) ላይ ንጽጽራዊ ጥናት ያደረጉ ሁለት ምሁራን ይህንኑ ሀሳብ በማጉላት በአጭሩ እንደሚከተለው ይገልጹታል፡፡The essence of parliamentary democracy is the accountability of the government (or cabinet or executive or administration) to the legislature.^cየውክልና ዲሞክራሲን በሚከተል ሀገር ውስጥ የህዝብ ተመራጮች አይነተኛ ሚና ህግ ማውጣት አይደለም፡፡ በዚህ አይነቱ የመንግስት ስርዓት ውስጥ የህዝብ ተወካዮች በቀጥታ የህዝቡን ጉዳይ መምራትና ማስተዳደር አቅም የላቸውም፡፡ ስለሆነም የስራ አስፈፃሚነት ተግባር እንዲያከናውኑ ከመካከላቸው ጥቂት ተወካዮች ይመርጣሉ፡፡ ከዚህ አንጻር ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትሩ እንዲሁም ከሞላ ጎደል ሁሉም የሚኒስትሮች ም/ቤት አባላት ከህዝብ ተወካዮች መካከል የሚመለመሉ እንደመሆኑ ስራ አስፈፃሚው ‘ንዑስ የፓርላማ ኮሚቴ’ ነው ማለት እንችላለን፡፡በአገራችን አዋጆች የሚመነጩት ከስራ አስፈፃሚው አካል ነው፡፡ የህዝብ ተወካዮችና ስራ አስፈፃሚው አካል የአንድ ፓርቲ አባላት እንደመሆናቸው በስራ አስፈፃሚው የቀረበ ረቂቅ አዋጅ በህዝብ ተወካዮች ም/ቤት ውድቅ የሚደረግበት አጋጣሚ እጅግ በጣም ጠባብ ነው፡፡ ረቂቅ አዋጁን ውድቅ ማድረግ ከራስ ጋር መቃረን ይሆናል፡፡ በተወካዮችና በስራ አስፈፃሚው መካከል የሚፈጠር ፍጥጫ የመንግስትን ስልጣን በጨበጠው የፖለቲካ ፓርቲ ውስጥ ወደ መሰነጣጠቅ ሊያመራ የሚችል የመከፋፈል አደጋ ምልክት በመሆኑ ፍጥጫው በዲሞክራሲያዊ ውይይትና የፓርቲ ዲሲፕሊን (ስርዓቱ ኢ-ዴሞክራሲያዊ ከሆነ ደግሞ በጡጫና በግልምጫ) ካልተወገደ የፓርቲው ህልውና አደጋ ውስጥ ይወድቃል፡፡ስለሆነም በውክልና ዲሞክራሲ ስርዓት ውስጥ የህዝብ ተወካዮች ይሁንታ አስቀድሞ የተፈታ ጉዳይ ስለመሆኑ ግምት መውሰድ ይቻላል፡፡ በህግ ማውጣት ሂደቱ ውስጥ ተወካዮች ከስራ አስፈፃሚው የሚመነጨውን ረቂቅ አዋጅ ቴክኒካልና ቀላል ለውጦች በማድረግ አዋጁን መልክ ከማስያዝ (በግልጽ አማርኛ ከቀለም ቀቢነት) ያለፈ ሚና የላቸውም፡፡ ይህ መሆኑ የተወካዮች ምክር ቤትን ሚና የሚያሳንስ ወይም እንደ ድክመት የሚቆጥር ሳይሆን የራሱ የውክልና ዲሞክራዊ መገለጫና ነፀብራቅ ተደርጐ መወሰድ ይኖርበታል፡፡ የህዝብ ተወካዮች ምክር ቤት አባላት ‘ህግ አጽዳቂዎች’ እንጂ ህግ አውጪዎች አይደሉም፡፡ ቀዳሚው ህገ መንግስታዊ ሚናቸው ስራ አስፈፃሚውን በመከታተልና በመቆጣጠር የመንግስት ተጠያቂነትን በተግባር ማረጋገጥ ነው፡፡